Trends that Affect Boiling Point (ORGANIC)

http://masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/25/3-trends-that-affect-boiling-points/

Molecular Forces of Attraction:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/bonding/inter.html

Open/Closed Pipes

1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M2zB7xeAzc

Sound Waves

- sound waves CANNOT travel through a vacuum (limited to vibrations in a medium)
- Rarefaction: a decrease in the density of something; "a sound wave causes periodic rarefactions in its medium" (6 BR2)

- "compressions & rarefactions"
- Adiabatic: any process that occurs WITHOUT heat transfer (ex: engine breaking) ( ΔT ≠ 0 but Q = 0)
- Isothermal Process: any process that occurs WITHOUT a change in temperature (ΔT = 0 but Q ≠ 0)

- the speed of sound in air at room temp. is about 340m/s!

- v_{sound in solid} > v_{sound in liquid} > v_{sound in gas}

- because solids have stronger forces between them (IMFs), thus greatest restoring force, thus can participate in another compression wave faster, thus can propogate SOUND faster in the medium (6 BR2)

β = 10 log₁₀ (I/I₀)

- Intensity (W/m²) – very LARGE number based on factors of 10, needs to be paired with a LOG expression

- Decible (β) – smaller, more reasonable number, because the answer to a log-based expression!

*** for every drop in intensity by a factor of 10, the decibel level decreases by 10:

- ex: if the intensity of a source increases by 1000 (3 factors of 10), then the decibel level of that sound will increase by 30 (3 x 10)

- ex2: if the intensity (I) increases by a factor of 10, then the intensity level (dB) increases by +10 dB. If the intensity increases by a factor of 100, then the intensity level increases by +20 dB. (USE THIS FOR ANSWER APPROXIMATION!!! Will probably be too complicated/time-wasting to sit and calculate actual logarithms!)

Intensity & Distance: the intensity of sound dissipates with distance by a SQUARED factor

ex: (Kaplan 371) Increasing distance by a factor of 10 decreases intensity by a factor of 100, therefore reducing the sound level by -20 dB.

Flight Time & Range

Tyndall Effect (particles interacting with light)

Colloid: A dispersion of particles of 1 substance (dispersed phase) throughout another substance or solution (the continuous phase). Differs from a "true solution" in which the particles are larger.

Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by colloidal-size particles (NOT particles in a "true solution"--those are too small). Beam of light ("path of the light") is visible/detectable.

COLLOIDAL PARTICLES ARE BIG ENOUGH TO SCATTER THE LIGHT.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5HMVIb4J7A&feature=related

BLUE SKY / RED SUNSET
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo1WoKfJfkA&feature=related

- blue light scatters MORE EASILY than red light
- red/orange light scatters the LEAST
- gradual addition of colloidal particles makes it gradually more difficult for the light to pass through "the container"--"as it gets saturated...more and more light gets scattered at the beginning...will see the differentiation of colors of red, orange, and blue (sunset)"
- observing light traveling the LONGEST/FURTHEST throughout the atmosphere (orange/red) as opposed to traveling DIRECTLY/SHORTEST throughout the atmosphere (blue)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEB-6uxtxyE&feature=related

Vital Capacity

VC = IRV + TV + ERV (nooooot RV--residual volume--too)

(703+)
- Boyle's Law! (P and V inverse)
spirometer - measures the volume of air exchanged in breathing
- normal = tidal volume (TV) = 500mL
- extra expiration = expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- extra inspiration = inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired = residual volume (RV)
- in pneumothorax, the RV is eliminated when lung collapses!

Converging & Diverging Lenses

http://www.kettering.edu/physics/drussell/Demos/RayTrace/Lenses.html

2 Conditions for CONVERGING LENSES:

1) If image is OUTSIDE the focal point, it is real & inverted!

2) If the image is INSIDE the focal point, it is virtual & upright!

Only Condition for DIVERGING LENSES:

*The image is always virtual & upright, and is located between the object and the lens.

A. Ray diagrams:

Converging lens	Diverging lens

Sin/Cos see you in he1111111111...

Buffer Solutions

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Obviously......***POINT: Be able to RECOGNIZE particular ions together as composing a buffer system, know that addition of STRONG/WEAK base (6 items on previous table) will only inc. or dec. the pH SLIGHTLY.

Capacitor

- After injection of negatively charged particle between the plates, it ACCELERATES towards the positive plate.

**********Capacitance & Resistance calcs. for SERIES & PARALLEL are reversed!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Newton's Laws

1. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force.^[3][4][5]
2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e.,F = ma.
3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.

Amino Acids & Proteins

Protein Structure/Dep on...1° Primary--DNA, 2° Secondary--H-bonds b/w amino acid backbone, 3° Tertiary--CHAPERONE PROTEINS non-cov folding

Alpha Helices & Beta Sheets are forms of 2° SECONDARY proteins structure because of H-bonding patterns

LIVER "deaminates" amino acids, converting them into ammonia (toxic), then combines them with CO2 to form UREA

Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis (production of gametes)

exam (wtf): "If chromosomal duplication before tetrad formation occurred twice during spermatogenesis, while the other steps of meiosis occurred normally...FOUR DIPLOID, and not four haploid cells would result.

Phase Diagram, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

- bottom curve LIQUID, top curve VAPOR!!!!!!!!

- temperature vs. mole fraction (will usually have constituents A & B, b/w 0-1 like Raoult's Law Diagram)

Kaplan Pains In My Ass

azeotrope: a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its composition cannot be changed by simple distillation. This occurs because, when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture.

Positive and negative azeotropes

Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point temperature of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope).

A well known example of a positive azeotrope is 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by weight).^[3] Ethanol boils at 78.4°C, water boils at 100°C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2°C, which is lower than either of its constituents.^[4] Indeed 78.2°C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures or pressure maximum azeotropes.

Point: MINIMUM BOILING AZEOTROPE: Constituents NOT strongly attracted to each other.

An example of a negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by weight). Hydrogen chloride boils at −84°C and water at 100°C, but the azeotrope boils at 110°C, which is higher than either of its constituents. The maximum temperature at which any hydrochloric acid solution can boil is 110°C. In general, a negative azeotrope boils at a higher temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Negative azeotropes are also called maximum boiling mixtures or pressure minimum azeotropes.

Radiation, Conduction, & Convection RAP

Oh my God...this might actually be 1000x cooler than the doppler video...and I thought there was absolutely nothing cooler than the doppler video...!!! I was originally just trying to look up what the word "convection" meant...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3mfAGVn1c

***This is why RADIATION and ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) WAVES can travel through a vacuum (empty space), while CONVECTION/CONDUCTION cannot (need materials)!!!

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeletons

Extremely unnecessary post...but I like the pictures...

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton