Newton's Laws

1. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force.^[3][4][5]
2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e.,F = ma.
3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.

Amino Acids & Proteins

Protein Structure/Dep on...1° Primary--DNA, 2° Secondary--H-bonds b/w amino acid backbone, 3° Tertiary--CHAPERONE PROTEINS non-cov folding

Alpha Helices & Beta Sheets are forms of 2° SECONDARY proteins structure because of H-bonding patterns

LIVER "deaminates" amino acids, converting them into ammonia (toxic), then combines them with CO2 to form UREA

Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis (production of gametes)

exam (wtf): "If chromosomal duplication before tetrad formation occurred twice during spermatogenesis, while the other steps of meiosis occurred normally...FOUR DIPLOID, and not four haploid cells would result.

Phase Diagram, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

- bottom curve LIQUID, top curve VAPOR!!!!!!!!

- temperature vs. mole fraction (will usually have constituents A & B, b/w 0-1 like Raoult's Law Diagram)

Kaplan Pains In My Ass

azeotrope: a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its composition cannot be changed by simple distillation. This occurs because, when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture.

Positive and negative azeotropes

Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point temperature of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope).

A well known example of a positive azeotrope is 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by weight).^[3] Ethanol boils at 78.4°C, water boils at 100°C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2°C, which is lower than either of its constituents.^[4] Indeed 78.2°C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures or pressure maximum azeotropes.

Point: MINIMUM BOILING AZEOTROPE: Constituents NOT strongly attracted to each other.

An example of a negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by weight). Hydrogen chloride boils at −84°C and water at 100°C, but the azeotrope boils at 110°C, which is higher than either of its constituents. The maximum temperature at which any hydrochloric acid solution can boil is 110°C. In general, a negative azeotrope boils at a higher temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Negative azeotropes are also called maximum boiling mixtures or pressure minimum azeotropes.

Radiation, Conduction, & Convection RAP

Oh my God...this might actually be 1000x cooler than the doppler video...and I thought there was absolutely nothing cooler than the doppler video...!!! I was originally just trying to look up what the word "convection" meant...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3mfAGVn1c

***This is why RADIATION and ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) WAVES can travel through a vacuum (empty space), while CONVECTION/CONDUCTION cannot (need materials)!!!

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeletons

Extremely unnecessary post...but I like the pictures...

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton