Tyndall Effect (particles interacting with light)

Colloid: A dispersion of particles of 1 substance (dispersed phase) throughout another substance or solution (the continuous phase). Differs from a "true solution" in which the particles are larger.

Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by colloidal-size particles (NOT particles in a "true solution"--those are too small). Beam of light ("path of the light") is visible/detectable.

COLLOIDAL PARTICLES ARE BIG ENOUGH TO SCATTER THE LIGHT.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5HMVIb4J7A&feature=related

BLUE SKY / RED SUNSET
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo1WoKfJfkA&feature=related

- blue light scatters MORE EASILY than red light
- red/orange light scatters the LEAST
- gradual addition of colloidal particles makes it gradually more difficult for the light to pass through "the container"--"as it gets saturated...more and more light gets scattered at the beginning...will see the differentiation of colors of red, orange, and blue (sunset)"
- observing light traveling the LONGEST/FURTHEST throughout the atmosphere (orange/red) as opposed to traveling DIRECTLY/SHORTEST throughout the atmosphere (blue)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEB-6uxtxyE&feature=related

Vital Capacity

VC = IRV + TV + ERV (nooooot RV--residual volume--too)

(703+)
- Boyle's Law! (P and V inverse)
spirometer - measures the volume of air exchanged in breathing
- normal = tidal volume (TV) = 500mL
- extra expiration = expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- extra inspiration = inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired = residual volume (RV)
- in pneumothorax, the RV is eliminated when lung collapses!

Converging & Diverging Lenses

http://www.kettering.edu/physics/drussell/Demos/RayTrace/Lenses.html

2 Conditions for CONVERGING LENSES:

1) If image is OUTSIDE the focal point, it is real & inverted!

2) If the image is INSIDE the focal point, it is virtual & upright!

Only Condition for DIVERGING LENSES:

*The image is always virtual & upright, and is located between the object and the lens.

A. Ray diagrams:

Converging lens	Diverging lens

Sin/Cos see you in he1111111111...

Buffer Solutions

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Obviously......***POINT: Be able to RECOGNIZE particular ions together as composing a buffer system, know that addition of STRONG/WEAK base (6 items on previous table) will only inc. or dec. the pH SLIGHTLY.

Capacitor

- After injection of negatively charged particle between the plates, it ACCELERATES towards the positive plate.

**********Capacitance & Resistance calcs. for SERIES & PARALLEL are reversed!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Newton's Laws

1. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force.^[3][4][5]
2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e.,F = ma.
3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.