Trends that Affect Boiling Point (ORGANIC)

http://masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/25/3-trends-that-affect-boiling-points/

Molecular Forces of Attraction:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/bonding/inter.html

Open/Closed Pipes

1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M2zB7xeAzc

Sound Waves

- sound waves CANNOT travel through a vacuum (limited to vibrations in a medium)
- Rarefaction: a decrease in the density of something; "a sound wave causes periodic rarefactions in its medium" (6 BR2)

- "compressions & rarefactions"
- Adiabatic: any process that occurs WITHOUT heat transfer (ex: engine breaking) ( ΔT ≠ 0 but Q = 0)
- Isothermal Process: any process that occurs WITHOUT a change in temperature (ΔT = 0 but Q ≠ 0)

- the speed of sound in air at room temp. is about 340m/s!

- v_{sound in solid} > v_{sound in liquid} > v_{sound in gas}

- because solids have stronger forces between them (IMFs), thus greatest restoring force, thus can participate in another compression wave faster, thus can propogate SOUND faster in the medium (6 BR2)

β = 10 log₁₀ (I/I₀)

- Intensity (W/m²) – very LARGE number based on factors of 10, needs to be paired with a LOG expression

- Decible (β) – smaller, more reasonable number, because the answer to a log-based expression!

*** for every drop in intensity by a factor of 10, the decibel level decreases by 10:

- ex: if the intensity of a source increases by 1000 (3 factors of 10), then the decibel level of that sound will increase by 30 (3 x 10)

- ex2: if the intensity (I) increases by a factor of 10, then the intensity level (dB) increases by +10 dB. If the intensity increases by a factor of 100, then the intensity level increases by +20 dB. (USE THIS FOR ANSWER APPROXIMATION!!! Will probably be too complicated/time-wasting to sit and calculate actual logarithms!)

Intensity & Distance: the intensity of sound dissipates with distance by a SQUARED factor

ex: (Kaplan 371) Increasing distance by a factor of 10 decreases intensity by a factor of 100, therefore reducing the sound level by -20 dB.

Flight Time & Range

Tyndall Effect (particles interacting with light)

Colloid: A dispersion of particles of 1 substance (dispersed phase) throughout another substance or solution (the continuous phase). Differs from a "true solution" in which the particles are larger.

Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by colloidal-size particles (NOT particles in a "true solution"--those are too small). Beam of light ("path of the light") is visible/detectable.

COLLOIDAL PARTICLES ARE BIG ENOUGH TO SCATTER THE LIGHT.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5HMVIb4J7A&feature=related

BLUE SKY / RED SUNSET
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo1WoKfJfkA&feature=related

- blue light scatters MORE EASILY than red light
- red/orange light scatters the LEAST
- gradual addition of colloidal particles makes it gradually more difficult for the light to pass through "the container"--"as it gets saturated...more and more light gets scattered at the beginning...will see the differentiation of colors of red, orange, and blue (sunset)"
- observing light traveling the LONGEST/FURTHEST throughout the atmosphere (orange/red) as opposed to traveling DIRECTLY/SHORTEST throughout the atmosphere (blue)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEB-6uxtxyE&feature=related

Vital Capacity

VC = IRV + TV + ERV (nooooot RV--residual volume--too)

(703+)
- Boyle's Law! (P and V inverse)
spirometer - measures the volume of air exchanged in breathing
- normal = tidal volume (TV) = 500mL
- extra expiration = expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- extra inspiration = inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired = residual volume (RV)
- in pneumothorax, the RV is eliminated when lung collapses!

Converging & Diverging Lenses

http://www.kettering.edu/physics/drussell/Demos/RayTrace/Lenses.html

2 Conditions for CONVERGING LENSES:

1) If image is OUTSIDE the focal point, it is real & inverted!

2) If the image is INSIDE the focal point, it is virtual & upright!

Only Condition for DIVERGING LENSES:

*The image is always virtual & upright, and is located between the object and the lens.

A. Ray diagrams:

Converging lens	Diverging lens